November 30, 2009 | Filed Under Civil War | No Comments
If reading books is one of your favorite things, you may find the history of books interesting. In ancient times material that was written on included clay, stone, tree bark, and metal plates. The script was continual with no spaces between words, and was written in both right to left and left to right. Sometimes just every other line was written in a different direction. In the seventh century Irish monks introduced the space between words, but it wasn’t until the 12th century that this practice became popular.
About 2400 B.C., papyrus, which was thick and resembled paper, was glued together to form a scroll. The Asians were the last to give up the scroll.
As early as 80 A.D. the Christians began using a codex made from wax tablets on wood, which resulted in a portable book form, which was more compact. This writing material could be used on both sides which made this form economical, and it is believed that the Christians preferred this form since the pagan writings were in scroll form.
When the Roman Empire fell in the fifth century A.D., contact with Egypt ceased, and parchment was substituted for papyrus. Parchment had to be made ready and the book’s content planned in advance, with space left blank for illustration. Monasteries had been active in copying books one at a time in gold or silver, and since a certain hour was set aside for reading, the majority of books were found in monasteries. The clergy therefore were the most prolific readers. By the ninth century even in the smaller monasteries these collections numbered 500 volumes. Thanks to the Phoenicians, papyrus was brought to Greece in the 9th century. The Greek word for a papyrus books was biblios, named after the Phoenician town Byblos, which is why today someone who is an avid reader is called a bibliofile.
In the 8th century the Arabs studied the paper industry, and were the first to produce books in paper. The pages were attached with silk, and the cover was a board covered with leather. With the advent of universities in the 13th century, there was an increased demand for books, and copyists were used to copy a number of leaves which were not bound. A scribe was known as a sofer in Jewish communities. According to tradition, the Torah used in Jewish temples could not be printed but had to be written by hand. Books printed before 1500 were known as incunabula.
It wasn’t until the 1800’s that printing presses powered by steam were used.
In the following years censorship laws were more lax, and the presses were gradually improved. By the middle of the 20th century, the Europeans could produce in excess of 200,000 books per year, eventually leading to the popularity of reading books today. .
If you love books, how would you like to access them no matter where you are in 60 seconds? No computer or cables are necessary and you can have thousansa of books at your fingertips. Just go here and learn how!
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Article Source:http://www.articlesbase.com/history-articles/is-reading-books-your-passion-their-history-is-fascinating-1519589.html
November 28, 2009 | Filed Under Civil War | No Comments
African-American scientists and inventors have been a mainstay in American history since the inception of this country. Black men like Benjamin Banneker, Lewis Latimer, and Percy Julian played pivotal roles in the advancement of technology and medicine in American History. Yet, in so many instances investigative searches for information on black inventors and scientist who contributed to American scientific developments is difficult to obtain and not sufficiently recorded in government and academic libraries. One way to protect the legacy of African American invention and scientific achievements is by the use of the modern day world wide web. By black scientist and inventors publishing (recording) their patents, articles, and publications on various web-based sites such information will be easily retrievable when the names and work of these inventors are searched. Distributing our research results, patents, articles, and publications throughout the world wide web will make it virtually impossible for our accomplishments and achievements to be lost, misplaced, or in some instances simply neglected which all too often occurs at government or academic institutions. I encourage all black scientist and inventors to follow suit such that our scientific achievements will not be lost in the annals of history and our legacies will not become a topic of academic debate in the 21st century.
List of Patents Muslim D. Shahid (Dwight K. Reid) has authored or co-authored
46 U.S. Patents (listed)
1.6627766
2. 6608226
3. 5760283
4. 5606094
5. 5330970
6. 5282957
7. 5221498
8. 5221462
9. 5221461
10. 5197996
11. 5158666
12. 5154817
13. 5128023
14. 5128022
15. 5114436
16. 5093032
17. 5039391
18. 4981495
19. 4941968
20. 4896070
21. 4894139
22. 4867754
23. 4840720
24. 4822378
25. 4810354
26. 4756820
27. 4752374
28. 4749468
29. 5158667
30. 4747931
31. 4744881
32. 4724064
33. 4680421
34. 4663018
35. 4648885
36. 4647290
37. 4647289
38. 4555326
39. 6686422
40. 6673879
41. 6525147
42. 6525146
43. 6342648
44. 6342647
45. 6284936
46. 6025515
MD Shahid is a senior research scientist with a MS in Physical Chemistry. Mr. Shahid has almost 30 years of career experience in oxygen-free radical reactions and antioxidant development. Mr. Shahid is a recipient of the NTAA “Scientist of the Year “ award, has authored or co-authored almost 50 U.S. patents, his work has been cited by Chemical Abstract, the worlds largest and most referenced chemical index provider on numerous occasions, and in the middle 90’s by personal invitation was ask to review scientific reliability of earlier HIV/AIDS hypothesis by a distinguished panel of cancer and virologist scientist. In the late 1990’s MD Shahid begin research in the area of the use of natural non-toxic substance for the prevention of hair loss and hair re-growth. It was during this research that MD Shahid discovered that certain plant, flower, and fruit extracts when combined with selected organic oils and amino acids was a effective combination that could be used to help control and manage eczema and psoriasis skin disorders. In 2004 MD Shahid founded the company Xcel Nutraceuticals that produces and manufactures all natural based and organic products for the control of eczema, psoriasis, and hair loss. For more information visit http://www.xcel-n.com
Article Source:http://www.articlesbase.com/history-articles/black-inventor-history-protecting-our-legacies-in-the-21st-century-1510367.html
November 28, 2009 | Filed Under Civil War | No Comments
Definition
Terrorism defines as “the systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective,
History
It’s been some weeks now since many Americans woke up to the news of the successful rescue of the Maerske ship Captain, Richard Phillips, from the clutches of Somali pirates off the Eastern Coast of Africa in mid April. Few international incidents turn out as well and end with such finality and clarity. With three clean kill shots by expert U.S. Navy Seals, this situation appeared to be resolved. Most people in the Western world had occasion to feel proud, if not a little superior. For once the United States seemed to be able to clearly control a situation and the skill of the military was on full display. In the wake of being bogged down by the War on Terrorism, these pirate guys served as useful symbolic stand-ins and this incident a clear win.
The situation has all the earmarks of a made for Hollywood movie; it was life imitating art. There was action, heroism and a happy ending. In an editorial on April 16th, even the quintessentially liberal New York Times “applauded” the effort of the U.S. Navy and noted Phillips’ noble and selfless act of offering himself as a hostage in place of his crew.
Terror by states has a long history. For example, Aristotle wrote critically of terror employed by tyrants against their subjects. The earliest use of the word terrorism identified by the Oxford English Dictionary is a 1795 reference to tyrannical state behavior, the “reign of terrorism” in France. In that same year, Edmund Burke famously decried the “thousands of those hell-hounds called terrorists” who he believed threatened Europe. During the Reign of Terror, the Jacobin government and other factions of the French Revolution used the apparatus of the state to execute and intimidate political opponents, and the Oxford English Dictionary includes as one definition of terrorism “Government by intimidation carried out by the party in power in France between 1789 to1794″.
Later exemplars of state terrorism were the police state measures employed by the Soviet Union beginning in the 1920s and by Germany’s Nazi regime in the 1930s and 1940s. The bombing of Guernica has been called an act of terrorism, and other examples of state terrorism may include the World War II bombings of London, Dresden and Hiroshima.
Types of terrorism
Generally there are three types of terrorism, which are described below by some points.
1) Coercive terrorist diplomacy: (eg. discreet and controlled, and makes non-compliance intolerable)
2) Covert state terrorism:
- Clandestine state terrorism (eg. direct participation of states, ex. to weaken a governments or intimidate government officials of another state etc)
- State-sponsored terrorism (eg. “States or private groups being employed to undertake terrorist actions on behalf of sponsoring state.”
3) Surrogate terrorism: (eg. assistance to another state or group that improves their capability to practice terrorism)
- State-sponsored terrorism (eg. as above)
- State acquiescence to terrorism (eg. group undertakes terrorism and is not explicitly backed by a state but not condemned either.)
aryan
Article Source:http://www.articlesbase.com/history-articles/terrorism-1511765.html
November 25, 2009 | Filed Under Civil War | No Comments
La battaglia di Cassino, nelle sue quattro fasi, è considerata ancora oggi uno degli scontri bellici più importanti e discussi della Seconda Guerra Mondiale. Tra il 15 e il 18 febbraio del 1944, per effetto dei bombardamenti anglo-americani, dovuti ad una decisione affrettata dei comandi, erroneamente convinti che il monastero fosse stato trasformato in un caposaldo tedesco, caddero su Montecassino tonnellate di bombe, incessantemente, fino a distruggere, riducendo in un ammasso di pietre, tutto quello che per quasi un millennio e mezzo la cultura e il lavoro benedettino avevano costruito. Rasa al suolo l’Abbazia, dopo il bombardamento del 18 febbraio, i Tedeschi erano ancora lì, incolumi, pronti a piazzare le loro mitragliatrici e artiglierie, che vomitarono fuoco ancora per tre mesi, fino al maggio successivo. Bisognerà radere al suolo l’intera città di Cassino e molti paesi circostanti, tra cui Piedimonte S. Germano e Cervaro, prima di spezzare la Linea Gustav e aprire agli Alleati l’accesso a Roma e quindi alla Liberazione.
Per ricordare questo tragico periodo, è stato costruito l’Historiale di Cassino, uno spazio per raccontare questi eventi così sconvolgenti per la vita di tutti. Un museo della guerra, che non è solo un museo, una mostra o un film. Con il concetto tradizionale di museo condivide la concentrazione dell’esperienza in uno spazio fisico. Con un allestimento moderno ha in comune un pensiero scenografico e didattico. Dal cinema prende un certo linguaggio immaginifico e la capacità di raccontare attraverso le emozioni. Durante la visita, la sensazione è quella di muoversi all’interno di una storia, che non è composta solo dalla Storia ma anche dalla memoria, dalla vita di chi attraverso gli eventi è passato ed ha sofferto.
Gli abitanti delle zone attraversate dalla linea Gustav, furono coinvolti nel conflitto prima dalla repressione nazista e, indirettamente, dai bombardamenti alleati, subendo poi, al momento della liberazione operata dalle truppe francesi, un inatteso e gigantesco stupro di massa, la cui portata è ancora oggi difficilmente quantificabile e di cui, ancor oggi, nessun tribunale militare si è mai interessato. La storia guerra mondiale e soprattutto la storia della Campagna d’Italia presenta moltissimi avvenimenti controversi e spesso drammatici, di cui questo è certo un esempio eclatante. La battaglia di Monte Cassino rappresenta otto mesi fra i più sanguinari di questa Campagna, con il suo enorme tributo di vittime sia militari che civili. Interi paesi furono rasi al suolo e la vita dei sopravvissuti non poteva più essere la stessa, molti decisero di emigrare, alcuni restarono per ricostruire dalle ceneri dei paesi completamente scomparsi dalle mappe.
Per ricordare sempre questa barbarie è stato costruito così l’Historiale, un luogo di memoria collettiva non solo per gli abitanti della zona, ma per tutti gli italiani.
A cura di Martina Meneghetti
Prima Posizione Srl – monitoraggio reputazione
Webwriter of Prima Posizione Srl.
Article Source:http://www.articlesbase.com/history-articles/monte-cassino-un-patrimonio-storico-della-seconda-guerra-mondiale-1502592.html
November 25, 2009 | Filed Under Civil War | No Comments
The celebration of Christmas in the end of December is nowadays a very old tradition. This tradition also has many origins. Among these is the Old Norse Christmas celebration - which was prevailing in Scandinavia in the eleventh century - and was celebrated in connection to the mid-winter offering celebration. Moreover, we have the Christian celebration in memory of the birth of Jesus Christ. The earliest records of these celebrations are from the year three hundred and thirty three. Eight hundred years later this is merged with the Old Norse Christmas celebration.
Today Christmas is celebrated much more secularly by most, with few religious elements. The official Christmas holiday starts on the twenty fourth of December - Christmas Eve - and ends on the thirteenth of January, twenty days after Christmas. In recent years, however, Christmas celebrations tend to start earlier and are considered over with after the last holiday which is January sixth.
The story of the Christmas tree begins in Germany in the sixteenth century. During the seventeenth and eighteenth century the Christmas started being dressed with candles. The first Swedish Christmas trees were generally decorated with live candles and treats such as fruit and candy. Apples were often hanged on the branches were the candles were located to make them more parallel to the ground. It soon became more common of families to make their own decorations with paper and straw. From the years surrounding eighteen eighty and on, commercial Christmas tree decorations were readily available in larger Swedish cities, the finest of which were imported from Germany. The day that people in Sweden buy and dress their Christmas tree varies greatly from family to family but most have them dressed on the thirteenth of December and throws them out on January thirteenth.
In eighteen seventy, a Swedish church started lighting candles in a Christmas tree on every Sunday in advent. In the nineteen twenties this advent tree was substituted for an advent candle holder with four candles - one for each advent before Christmas. This still works as a countdown for Christmas and has been spread worldwide by IKEA.
Christmas in Sweden is mainly celebrated on Christmas Eve, as opposed to Christmas day in many other countries. It is a family holiday and has as such become quite a pain for people who are alone or other ways marginalized. Traditions vary from family to family, but common among all is that there is a lot of eating and gluttony going on. Some traditional dishes are Christmas ham, beetroot salad, a plethora of sausage dishes and an abundance of candies and cookies such as ginger bread and saffron cakes.
Around three o’clock, almost all children in Sweden gather around the television to watch the traditional Disney show From All of Us to All of You. This has been broadcasted every Christmas Eve on Swedish TV (SVT) since nineteen sixty. This usually gives adults the time to arrange with the Christmas gifts and Santa Claus suit to surprise the children with after the show is over. When SVT announced that they were cancelling the show due to high costs, a public outrage ensued forcing SVT to renegotiate a new contract with Disney. How expensive this contract is remains a well kept secret.
Robb Stark is interested in history and looking forward to the Christmas holiday. For more information please visit julklappar or kläder online.
Article Source:http://www.articlesbase.com/history-articles/a-history-of-christmas-in-sweden-1498054.html
November 23, 2009 | Filed Under Civil War | No Comments
So all right you have this tendency to pick up a book whenever you have some free time in your hand. You cannot go anywhere without putting a book in your bag to be browsed when you are traveling. That is why you are definitely going to be extremely happy to know that many authors who were previously gone out of print have now made a comeback. They are now available in the shape of downloadable books. All you have to do is go online and look for places where you can get your favorite authors in downloadable book form. Free self help eBooks and downloadable books are getting to be extremely popular because you do not have to worry about your favorite author getting his book out in print just once a year. You know that he is going to tell you everything about the particular topic you enjoy reading. But thanks to downloadable books in e-book format you are going to find that particular author coming back again and again with all his previous book versions available on the Internet. You have to have an E. book reader to read your favorite others but once you have bought an e- book reader you are definitely going to enjoy amazing new genres and authors who are printing their work in downloadable book format. Free self help eBooks and downloadable books are easily available on the Internet today. This is because people have decided that if they want to advertise one particular product the easiest way to entice customers is to offer them free self help eBooks in downloadable book format. After that a customer might be induced into buying the products and services offered by the company. You have an advantage of free self help eBooks downloaded from the Internet. You might want to print them out and read them slowly or you might want to read them on the computer screen. After that you are going to find plenty of tips which are going to help you get thin fast go in for stress management get healthy fast or any other way of free self-help. A downloadable book is going to survive for a longer time especially because it has not been made from biodegradable products like paper. Downloadable books are going to survive forever. They are not going to be damaged just like ordinary books are. You can find plenty of places where downloadable books in downloadable book format can be obtained. Bear share, bit torrent, and Lime Wire are places where you can get downloadable books but you have to remember that many of these P2P places have viruses. Nevertheless there are other legitimate places where you can get virus free downloadable free self help eBooks.
So all right you have this tendency to pick up a book whenever you have some free time in your hand. You cannot go anywhere without putting a book in your bag to be browsed when you are traveling. That is why you are definitely going to be extremely happy to know that many authors who were previously gone out of print have now made a comeback. They are now available in the shape of downloadable books. All you have to do is go online and look for places where you can get your favorite authors in downloadable book form.
Free self help eBooks and downloadable books are getting to be extremely popular because you do not have to worry about your favorite author getting his book out in print just once a year. You know that he is going to tell you everything about the particular topic you enjoy reading. But thanks to downloadable books in e-book format you are going to find that particular author coming back again and again with all his previous book versions available on the Internet. You have to have an E. book reader to read your favorite others but once you have bought an e- book reader you are definitely going to enjoy amazing new genres and authors who are printing their work in downloadable book format.
Free self help eBooks and downloadable books are easily available on the Internet today. This is because people have decided that if they want to advertise one particular product the easiest way to entice customers is to offer them free self help eBooks in downloadable book format. After that a customer might be induced into buying the products and services offered by the company. You have an advantage of free self help eBooks downloaded from the Internet. You might want to print them out and read them slowly or you might want to read them on the computer screen. After that you are going to find plenty of tips which are going to help you get thin fast go in for stress management get healthy fast or any other way of free self-help.
A downloadable book is going to survive for a longer time especially because it has not been made from biodegradable products like paper. Downloadable books are going to survive forever. They are not going to be damaged just like ordinary books are. You can find plenty of places where downloadable books in downloadable book format can be obtained. Bear share, bit torrent, and Lime Wire are places where you can get downloadable books but you have to remember that many of these P2P places have viruses. Nevertheless there are other legitimate places where you can get virus free downloadable free self help eBooks.
If you are looking for <a href=”http://www.ebookserenity.com/”>downloadable books</a> to enhance your knowledge. Visit <a href=”http://www.ebookserenity.com/”> http://www.ebookserenity.com/ </a> to buy downloadable books
i am working as freelance from two years
Article Source:http://www.articlesbase.com/history-articles/downloadable-books-in-the-shape-of-free-self-help-ebooks-1492148.html
November 20, 2009 | Filed Under Civil War | No Comments
Sorry if category is wrong or something, but I didn’t notice any ufo-related or alien-related category. Let’s get started, then.
Obviously dragons are not exist on Earth and that is true. But what if dragons are really an highly advanced alien civilization? Let see what I got.
Daniken’s theories
If you don’t know who Daniken is, you should read his books, especially Memories from the future (sorry if I misspelled title, but I only read books in original language, so I have only German version), because in most cases we will refer to this book. But if you actually know Daniken I will remind you some facts about his life. Daniken is expert in plaeoastronautic, semiscience what claims that alien civilizations visit Earth before.And this should be enough for now.
In Memories from future he explains his theories very well, so you really need to read this book. I read it sometime ago, so I could not remmember everything, but I try to be as reliable as possible. In many places of his work he write about dragon-shaped reliefs with something that can be an astronaut’s suit. And that reliefs are in many cultures that never ever met eachother until discover of America continent.
Additionally dragons are in most cultures in the world. Maybe dragons are from another solar system or even galaxy?
Is they so called alien Reptilians?
Let stop for a moment. Now you thinking “Jack lost his mind and trying to convince us to his crazy/insane/whatever theories”. That’s ok. This is normal feeling about that sort of thing. But if you travelled back to XIX century and tell anyone about nuclear weapons, Internet or even cellphones does he/she belive you? Or maybe they will put you in psychiatric hospital?
Anyway get back to the topic. You maybe ask yourself the question: are they so called evil Reptilian thing? Most certain not. Dragons are not evil and they live far, far away from reptillians homeworld. They helps humanity for the centuries, since we had enough intelligence to make stone tools.
How I know that? I work for them. Many hunderds of years they were forced to leave our planet, because catholic church announced that there are evil tools of satan. Dragons survived in the China, because there they were considered as friendly entites, who helps everyone who want they help and who have good intentions. But finally they must leave China too.
Where they are?
On their homeworld. They observe us altrough, via invisible sttelites on our orbit. They try to make contact as much painless as possible. Many humans are working for them, they try prepare other people, convince them that dragons are not I-will-eat-you-and-then-take-care-of-your-family beasts, they are rather good creatures who want help us. Many of them are creating novels, comics and other things like this, others, like me, are telling truth. Of course there are also people who don’t know the truth and creating stories about friendly dragons, bercause they just like dragons. They are called unconscious helpers. Dragons also developed technology what is using to making dragons look like humans. With it the dragons are actually on Earth. There looking like us.
Are they dangerous?
No, they are not. With their technology they could destroy our nice planet a long time ago (or turns humans into slaves). Definitely they not need slaves, and they don’t want destroy Earth.
none
Article Source:http://www.articlesbase.com/history-articles/dragons-are-they-real-1473731.html
November 19, 2009 | Filed Under Civil War | No Comments
Written over 200 years ago, the US Constitution is the most influnential legal document in existence. Seeing that it is essentiallly the backbone upon which our country is built, it is imperative to educate students on the meanings and principles behind the Constitution. After teaching US history for several years, finding new methods and information to bring to my lesson plans can be difficult.
Every year it seems as though I cover the same topics, the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and the Declaration of Independence. But this year I wanted to try something new, to find a new angle to teach and educate my students on the documents which serve as our country’s foundation. I struggled with finding material that would be new, fun, and yet educational until I came across Constitution Facts.com. After navigating around the website, I realized that I had dedicated little time to educating students about the men behind the Constitution.
From ConsitutionFacts.com I learned unique facts about the thirty-nine original signers of the United States Constitution. For example, I did not know that both Alexander Hamilton (the first United States Secretary of the Treasury) and of New York and Richard D. Spaight were killed in a duel. Or that of the Founding Fathers, George Washington was the only man who served as president without ever going to college. These are just two examples of the wealth of information regarding the men surrounding the Constitution that can be found at ConstitutionFacts.com. Now I have new informative information for next year’s lesson plan, and I can’t wait to use it!
Kristina teaches high school US History and loves traveling. She is fascinated by the cultures of the world and hopes one day to travel and share her experiences.
Article Source:http://www.articlesbase.com/history-articles/teaching-the-us-constitution-1474577.html
November 18, 2009 | Filed Under Civil War | No Comments
